مجله آبیاری و زهکشی ایران
سال هفدهم شماره 5 (آذر و دی 1402)

Herein, the stability of the Zarandieh-Saveh aquifer was investigated, based on field monitoring data and simulation. It was simulated involving GMS software and calibrated and vitrificated in both steady-state and unsteady-state conditions, for 84 monthly steps(2012 to 2022). The values of Aquifer Sustainability(AS) and Groundwater Dependence(DG) indices calculated equal to 31.1% and 0.78%, respectively, which shows the aquifer is in a critical condition and the region is highly dependent on groundwater. According to the Groundwater Damping Index(GDR), with the continuation of the present extraction process, the aquifer will be completely discharged in the next 53 years. The scenario of 20% reduction in annual extraction as the most appropriate scenario will result a rise equal 4 meters in ten years. The operation of the seasonal floods artificial recharging project has had a significant effect on improving the level of this aquifer. The interbasin transfer and recharging scenario of Al-Ghadir Dam overflow have a positive and significant effect on the groundwater level equal to 0.75 meters per year. Based on the results, the parameters and factors affecting the balancing of the Zarandieh aquifer, the first priority is to reduce the exploitation and then increase of recharging from the Al-Ghadir dam overflow site, which can have significant effects on the stability of this aquifer.

Water scarcity and the recent droughts have multiplied the necessity of proper and optimal use of limited water resources. Drip irrigation is one of the new methods of irrigation that is used with the aim of optimal use of water and increasing water productivity in many agricultural products including wheat. This research was conducted in order to investigate the drip irrigation systems (Tape) implemented in the wheat fields of Hamedan province and compare it with other common systems during 2016-2018. In this research, first, farms were selected and evaluated by random sampling method. The measured parameters included the amount of irrigation water, yield, water productivity, water salinity and soil salinity changes. The volume of irrigation water in fields with drip irrigation varied from 2716 to 5760 m3/ha and was determined as 4153 m3/ha on average. The average volume of irrigation water in sprinkler and surface irrigation systems was determined as 4090 and 5918 m3/ha, respectively. The highest amount of yield was determined as 5581 kg/ha in the drip irrigation. The average yield in sprinkler and surface irrigation systems was estimated to be 4381 and 3000 kg/ha, respectively. The highest average water productivity (irrigation+ effective rainfall + leaching) related to the drip irrigation system and is 0.88 kg/m3 , and it was determined as 0.8 and 0.39 kg/m3 in sprinkler and surface irrigation system, respectively. Therefore, drip irrigation has increased water productivity by 10% and 125.6% compared to sprinkler and surface irrigation systems. Also, the results of this research showed that the salinity of the soil in the drip irrigation system increased at the end of the growing season compared to the beginning of the spring season. Therefore, leaching water requirement should be added to the amount of applied water (irrigation water + effective rainfall) in the drip irrigation system.

This research aims to investigate the effect of water stress at different levels of organic and chemical fertilizers on the agronomy characteristics of two cultivars of Guilaneh and Hashemi rice in two separate conditions in the form of flood irrigation (irrigation interval in 3 days) and in water stress (irrigation interval in 13 days) in the agricultural year of 2018 and 2019 were carried out in the east of Guilan province. For this purpose, a field experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The treatments included the fertilizer factor as the main factor and cultivar as a secondary factor. Fertilizer factor were includes nitrogen chemical fertilizer from urea source 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha, pelleted poultry manure 1250, 2500 and 3750 kg/ha, cattle manure and municipal waste compost each at three levels 3750, 7500, 11250 kg/ha and without fertilizer. The results of the research showed that the highest yield of paddy in the first and second year in flood irrigation conditions was achieved by the interaction of fertilizer treatments in cultivars treated with , pelleted poultry manure, 3,750 kg/ha in Guilaneh with 7,399 and 7,621 kg/ha respectively. The maximum of thousand-grain weight in Guilaneh cultivar and in flood irrigation condition treatment and with pelleted poultry manure 3,750 kg/ha was 7.24 grams. The maximum index of chlorophyll meter in flood irrigation conditions and the interaction effect of fertilizer treatments in cultivars was obtained in the treatment of pelleted poultry manure 3,750 kg/ha with 6.44 in Guilaneh cultivar. Due to the fact that the Guilaneh showed the highest yield of paddy with the consumption of 3750 kg/ha of pelleted poultry manure in the conditions of stress and flood irrigation, therefore it is recommended for the study area.

In our country, more than 90% of water, is used in agriculture. The aim of this research, is to extract the changes of cultivation pattern water use, in some regions of the northwest of the country, as a function of climatic parameters. In first step, the meteorological data of Urmia, Makoo, Maragheh, Mianeh and Khalkhal stations were collected. In second step, using Cropwat 8 software, the grass evapotranspiration, as the reference plant, was extracted at each station. The cultivation pattern of the desired areas was also extracted from the sources. In the last step, using the Weibull transformation coefficient, the hydromodule with different return periods was extracted for each region. The results showed that the average of grass potential evapotranspiration as reference plant, for Urmia, Makoo, Maragheh, Mianeh and Khalkhal stations was 3.14, 2.87, 3.92, 3.8 and 2.89 mm/day respectively. The average irrigation hydromodulus of five mentioned areas, was abtained 0.38, 0.33, 0.53, 0.56 and 0.49 l/s.ha respectively. By taking the linear changes function, by changing the return period from 2 to 200 years and reducing the occurrence probability, the amount of irrigation hydromodule in Urmia, Makoo, Maragheh, Mianeh and Khalkhal stations was increased 0.085, 0.083, 0.166, 0.046 and 0.8 l/s.ha, respectively, and by taking the exponential changes function, also, was increased 0.098, 0.1, 0.2, 0.049 and 0.094 l/s.ha respectively.

This study aimed to calibrate the HYDRUS-2D model for simulating soil moisture distribution under tape irrigation in transplanting sugar beet, with and without mulching. The research was carried out during the cropping seasons 2017-2018 in 14 plots (7 plots with mulch and 7 plots without mulch) with 2 rows of 40x50 tape. To monitor soil moisture distribution, soil samples were collected from 12 plots, and access tubes of the PR2 device were installed at depths of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 100 cm in two plots. The PR2 device was calibrated for a 7- day irrigation frequency and 6 irrigations. The calibration results showed that the default parameters a0=1.6 and a1=8.4 proposed by the PR2 manufacturing company were not appropriate for the loam-textured soil of the study area. For this research, a0 and a1 were modified to 1.8 and 8.3 for soil water contents higher than the filed capacity and to 1.2 and 8.6 for soil water contents lower than the field capacity, respectively. The PR2 device was then used to measure soil moisture contents for five irrigations (6 hours each irrigation), during and after irrigation until the next irrigation. The results showed that the HYDRUS-2D model performs appropriately in simulating soil water content in five irrigation intervals with and without mulch application. The mean absolute value of error (MAE) was less than 0.035, root mean square error (RMSE) was less than 0.042; correlation coefficient (R) was above 70%, and the sum of squared error (SSQ) was less than 0.41 percent. If the hydraulic parameters of the soil were recalibrated for the use of mulch, the HYDRUS-2D model provided the same efficiency. Therefore, the HYDRUS-2D model is recommended for designing and managing tape irrigation due to its good simulation during and after irrigation.

Aquifers, as the primary source of freshwater in coastal zones, are always threatened by saltwater intrusion, so assessment of groundwater behavior in response to the seawater has ever been of interest to researchers. Employing physical-laboratory models is one of the conventional methods in the study of groundwater dynamics in contact to saltwater. In this paper, the experiences of setting up a laboratory model of seawater intrusion issues are presented in detail. The model is 118 cm long, 12 cm wide and 60 cm high and uniform Glass beads are used as the porous medium in two different grain sizes. In this research, the challenges of construction, keeping the head and salinity constant in the side and main tanks as well as estimation of seepage flow rate have been studied. Results showed that the tests performed in coarse-grained medium reached a steady state in a shorter time than fine-grained one, with more accuracy which led to less salinity variation during the test. Furthermore, the conducted analysis on the dyes used as tracers of saltwater revealed that the amount of absorption of a dye seems independent from the grain size. Among all employed chemical and food dyes, Sunset-Yellow showed a very good match with saltwater movement in the medium. The findings of current research present a useful guideline for carrying relevant experiments out as well design of a successful setup.

In the present study, in order to evaluate the effect of stress periods on wheat yield gap in rainfed lands of Bostanabad, Tabriz, Sarab, Maragheh and Harris regions located in the east of Urmia Lake basin, in periods of 11 to 20 years, the water requirement satisfaction index has been used. The linear production function, which was provided by FAO, was also implemented to estimate the potential yield. According to the obtained results, in terms of water supply percentage of rainfed wheat or evapotranspiration ratio in rainfed to standard conditions, Harris with 42% has the best situation and Sarab with 23% has the worst situation. On average, the actual yield of rainfed wheat in the east of Urmia Lake basin is 976 kg/ha. The potential yield was estimated at 4216 kg/ha, indicating a significant gap between potential and actual yield in the study area. The highest regional yield coefficient equal to 0.41 was related to Harris and the lowest value was equal to 0.21 related to the Maragheh region, respectively. The results obtained from the water requirement satisfaction index indicate the existence of suitable conditions for the production of rainfed wheat in the region. However, the actual yield in the east of Lake Urmia basin is on average about 27.2% of the potential yield. This shows that the condition of rainfed lands in the east of Lake Urmia basin is not favorable in terms of the development of the production system and it is necessary to reduce the yield gap. Additionally, the evaluation of the results showed that the correlation of the water requirement satisfaction index with the regional yield coefficient is higher compared to the actual yield and this index can be used to evaluate the yield gap.

Groundwater becomes an important resource in semi-arid and arid regions and areas where access to surface water is limited. In recent years, due to the growth of industrialization, increase in population and change in lifestyle and consumption patterns, it is globally significant. Currently, groundwater accounts for about 34% of the world's total annual water supply and is one of the most important sources of fresh water. Water collection is one of the most important and vital parts of implementing infrastructure and economic projects, which entails a lot of costs, therefore, the evaluation of this matter is for the management of sustainable systems. Groundwater is very important. In this research, influential factors including land slope, geomorphology, soil, fault, land cover, rainfall, depth of underground water, watercourse density and proximity to surface water are used. A questionnaire with the title of comparing two criteria was designed to obtain the opinions of elites and design. In the following, AHP and ANP models are used to calculate the normal weight of underground water potential. At the end, the final map was prepared in the Arc map 10.8 environment. Using AHP and ANP methods, the area was divided into 5 parts: very good, good, medium, poor and very poor. The results of two methods showed that the rainfall factor is the most important factor in determining the potential of underground water. Finally, the information of 10 wells, 3 aqueducts and 3 springs in Nayband area was used to evaluate the validity of the obtained map of underground water potential.

In order to investigate the effect of mixing sea and underground water on the morphological and biochemical properties of the purslane medicinal plant, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The water source treatments included full groundwater (GW100-SW0) as a control, mixing 50% seawater and groundwater (GW50-SW50), half between seawater and groundwater (0.5-GW-SW), and one-half between seawater and Groundwater was (1-GW-SW). The results showed that the use of these water resources at the level of 1% was significant on the fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, height, total chlorophyll, vitamin C and total soluble sugar. Also, these treatments were significant on the amount of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid and proline at the probability level of 5%. The highest amount of shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, height and vitamin C were respectively in the control treatment with 61.5 grams, 47.5 grams, 33.2 cm and 74.6 mg per 100 grams of sample fresh weight. The findings show that in most traits, the treatment (0.5-GW-SW) has no significant difference with the control. Therefore, considering the limitation of fresh water sources, the latter treatment is suggested as a suitable source for watering purslane.

Quality water resources are limited. The use of biological adsorbents in reducing water salinity is a new and environmentally friendly method. The purpose of this article is to determine the amount of salinity removal by the rice husk adsorbent and estimate the amount of absorption by Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models and their evaluation. In this study, a tank (part of the physical model) with a height of approximately 50 cm and a diameter of 20 cm was used, and it was divided into two parts based on the height of the tank. In the center of the location of the absorber under study, a specific thickness of 8 cm was considered. On both sides of the absorbent layer, either upwards (reservoir surface) or downwards (reservoir bottom), layers of silica sand with 0.3, 0.6 and 1 cm granularity were placed in a height of 5 cm. Water quality treatments including calcium and magnesium, sodium and chlorine (salinity) at four salinity concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 0.7 and 1 dS/m were passed through the rice husk adsorbent and the amount of cat ions and anions absorbed by the adsorbent It was measured. The results showed that for different concentrations, absorption is very high at the beginning and decreases over time. The equilibrium time for qualitative parameters of calcium and magnesium, sodium and chlorine obtained between 60 and 90 (at a water temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and an acidity of 7.4) minutes. The results showed that on average, a high percentage of calcium, magnesium and sodium cat ions in water (about 50-60%) have been absorbed by rice husk. The results of the adsorption isotherm model showed that the adsorption isotherm model of the Freundlich has a better estimate than the Langmuir model (10 to 15 percent).

Exploitation, management and protection of water resources, especially groundwater resources, are very important. The management of water resources requires accurate knowledge of the characteristics of the aquifer, the tension to it and finally the groundwater balance. Simulation models help planning managers to determine the amount of aquifer utilization for long-term and sustainable use. For this purpose, changes in the water level of the Kashan plain aquifer in the statistical period of 1387-1397 were simulated by the GMS model for 125 stress periods. The model was calibrated in two permanent and non-permanent modes for a period of 94 months (1387-1395) and validated for a period of 31 months (1395-1397).The result was a drop of 4.4 meters of groundwater during the 10-year study period. To predict the behavior of the aquifer in the near future, the reservoir level was modeled until 1407. Due to the location of this plain in the climatic dry belt and the occurrence of climate change and the lack of effective rainfall to properly charge the aquifer, in this study the focus was on the management of extraction from the aquifer and according to these three scenarios, extraction with the current trend,15% increase and 15% reduction definition and simulation was done. The simulation results of these three scenarios showed a drop of 9.866, 11.895 and 6.993 meters at the end of 1407 respectively.

The water and soil resources are limited, and the optimal use of water resources in the agriculture needs the most accurate determination of the amount of crop water requirement and crop coefficients in different stages of growth. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is one of the plants that has outstanding economic and agronomic characteristics in the production of oil and protein among the sorghums. The present research was conducted to determine the maximum allowable depletion, crop coefficient and water requirement of quinoa under controlled conditions (lysimeter) in two spring and autumn cropping season. The results showed that with a decrease in the moisture level at the beginning of irrigation from 0.4 to 0.2 total available water, the amount of biomass and seed yield had a significant decrease of 24 and 37% in spring cropping and 34 and 47% in autumn cropping, respectively. But the decrease in moisture levels from 0.8 to 0.6 and 0.6 to 0.4 did not cause a significant decrease in seed yield and biomass in both spring and winter cropping. Based on the results, Maximum Allowable Depletion (MAD) was estimated to be 0.6 in both cropping seasons. Overall, the crop coefficient of quinoa (Titicaca variety) in spring cropping was equal to be 0.42 at the beginning of the growing season, 0.95 in the middle of the growing season, and 0.33 at the end of the growing season. In the autumn cropping, the crop coefficient of quinoa was equal to be 0.36 at the beginning of the growing season, 1.09 in the middle of the season, and 0.56 at the end of the growing season.The net water requirement of different treatments varied between 618.1 to 295.5 mm in spring cropping season and between 597.8 to 334.8 mm in autumn cropping season.

Agricultural production vulnerable to damage due to climate changes. Effect of these changes on the annual rainfull, temperature and consequently in agricultural production isn't negligible. It is necessary to estimate climate change in the future and management plantation and irrigation in agriculture in line with it. In this study, the effects of climate change and plantation on different dates, Yield, cultivation period autumn wheat types in Qazvin plain were studied. This study was conducted in the period 2021-2100 by comparing the two information sources LARS-WG and DKRZ in the production of annual climate change data and using the AquaCrop model in simulating the plant's response to the mentioned changes. In the periods 2021-2040, 2041-2060, 2061-2080 and 2081-2100, the most suitable dates were studied to increase the wheat yield and reduce other variables. Accoding to the results obtainded from the climate conditions LARs-WG model and DKRZ database under release scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 in each 4 future period the average yield will increase compared to the base period. The highest performance in all these periods and models is for period 2081-20100 under climate conditions DKRZ database in scenario 8/5, in the event that the planting date is Novmber 6 , it is prediction that its amount is equal to 11.71 tons per hectare with standard deviation of 0.64 tons per hectare. The lowest performance is also for the period of 2041-2060 under climate condition DKRZ database in scenario 8.5, in the event that the planting data was October 7, It is reported that its amount is equal to 1.34 tons per hectare with standard deviation of 1.15. In the periods of 2021-2040, 2041-2060and 2061-2080 of February 4 and in the period 2081-2100 of October 23 is recommended as the most appropriate date in these periods.

Due to the measurement problems related to direct methods for estimating discharge, indirect methods based on the concept of surface velocity have been recently developed. In the present research according to the limited number of studies and the lack of appropriate relations between river geometric and hydraulic parameters with velocity index, the effect of dimensionless parameters including dimensionless Manning roughness coefficient, relative depth, Froud number and bed slope on the velocity index has been experimentally investigated. The results showed that by increasing the parameters of relative depth, dimensionless Manning roughness coefficient and Froude number the velocity index decreases. Meanwhile the influence of the bed slope is not clear. The mean value of the velocity index in rectangular channels was 0.92 and the its average error was estimated to be about 4.9%. Also, the analysis of the analytical models of the vertical velocity distribution showed that in the case of a smooth bed, the power law model with 4.5% average error and in the case of the bed with metal mesh, the logarithmic law with 10% average error have the best estimate of the velocity index.

In the current study, the effect of well shape (rectangular nose, round nose and sharp nose) on the hydraulic performance of standard fusegate model WLH (Wide valve Low Head) and NLH (Narrow Low Head) was investigated. These fusegates were made in 16.7 and 25 cm heights with five different heights of wells, respectively. Experiments were carried out in a laboratory flume of 12 meters in length, 0.5 meters in width and 0.7 meters in height. In total 331 data were recorded and using it, the values of the flow coefficient for the fusegate were calculated. Using 80% of the data, appropriate relationships were presented for estimating the discharge coefficient, and then these relationships were validated using the remaining 20% of the data and the RMSE evaluation criterion. Results showed that the height and shape of the well have no considerable effect on the discharge coefficient of the fusegate. At the same height of the well, the water rises more when it collides with the rectangular nose well and enters the well sooner, but when it collides with the sharp nose well, it splits and is directed to the sides along the downstream and enters the well later. Thus, at a certain height of the well, the overturning discharge of the fusegate with the rectangular well is lower than the others, and the rounded nose well is in the next order.